Chapter XI
ECOLOGY AND BUSINESS: ENTERPRISE AND ENVIRONMENT
José Manuel Donoso Vargas and María Victoria Clemente
Palacios
1. INTRODUCTION
«The environmental education is a continuous process in which
the citizens and the communities are aware of their natural context,
knowledge, values, skills, experiences so that they can reach the
way to get qualified to act, individually and collectively, in the
resolution of present and future environmental problems».
(International Congress on Education and Environment. Moscow, 1987)
For more than 30 years, in all the western societies, there has
been a gradual and constant development in the increasing interest
for the improvement of the environmental situations in which our
civilization is immersed. Therefore, there are very few scientific
advances that have been so important to the world population, as
those dealing with Ecology and environment. The
mass media have contributed to broadcast the warnings that investigators
and scientists from everywhere have been sending to society performance
on the part of the governmental organisations, claiming to mitigate
the damages that the uncontrolled use of the natural resources and
the inadequate treatment of waste cause to the natural environment.
This trend towards the environment deterioration still destroys
lands, habitats, biodiversities, landscapes and natural resources,
as well as local and global changes of the environmental conditions.
All these can disable the next economic growth and the future generations
well being.
Apart from this awareness of environmental problems,
the citizens and enterprises, as a part and engine
of modern societies, have been perceiving the need to join
the society claims for the attainment of an economic development
that allows us to enjoy a natural worthy environment. The Public
Administrations, through the resources provided by their educational
system, have contributed to the awareness of environment care. For
instance, in Spain, since 1987, under the protection of
European Union regulations, the sight on environmental
problems has radically changed. These problems are nowadays included
in an increasingly demanding legislation.
Citizens, as workers, executives or entrepreneurs, have the right
and the ethical obligation to collaborate for environmental improvements.
For this reason, the business world is not
excluded from this social consciousness, it must act according
to this and know, value and minimize the industrial activity
risks in order to avoid the eventual deterioration of the
natural environment in which we live.
1.1. Objetives
- To promote and be aware of
the main problems that the future managerial action of the entrepreneur
may cause in the environment and society.
One can understand the achievement of this basic aim will solve
a set of actions aimed at controlling the environmental impact of
activities and at obeying the current laws. It then contributes
to a sustainable development.
Among other specific aims, we can consider the
following:
- To be aware of the fact that the professional
activity can contribute to the improvement of environmental conditions.
Everybody, including the entrepreneur, has a responsibility, apart
from the government actions.
- To know the terminology and concepts related
to Ecology and Environment.
- To relate the basic concepts in Ecology
to environmental legislations.
- To promote the ways of knowing the effects
of managerial activity on the environment.
- To introduce the student with the general knowledge
of plans, actions, legislation and mechanisms for environmental
management in his or her business.
- To make the student aware of the need of a
permanent training and learning during his or her professional
life.
2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION IN THE
BUSINESS WORLD.
For the last 20 years, the western societies have been witnesses
and engines of an important social transformation, regarding to
the understanding of the natural environment and our interrelationships
with it. The vocabulary coming from that branch of Biology, called
Ecology by Haeckel in 1868, has become not only a part of our common
vocabulary but it has also modified the juridical and economical
languages in many modern countries. Therefore, our way of contemplating
the environment where we carry out our everyday
activities has changed as well as our relationships with it.
Citizens have become aware of the environmental problems
in a relatively short time, even at their work and home. Concepts
as «pollution», «recycling», «and
selective treatment of waste» are already part of our
common language. We have even transformed our consumer habits. It
is obvious that the business world cannot stay out this social
consciousness. It is true that enterprises
have also changed their perception of the relationship between
personal economic development and the general well being of society.
In this sense, the usual assumption of investment in prevention
of environmental damages as synonymous with «economic
losses» is not kept today. Nowadays, a more sensitive
perspective on ecological topics is already included in
the business performance plans, in order to design the
managerial activity. The basic idea related to the
impossible economic general development without a respectful treatment
of the natural environment has reached other areas of business
knowledge: The business world cannot avoid these plans for the environment
preservation and, today, Ecology, as a branch of Science, offers
the managerial world a series of technological innovations and knowledge
aimed at improving the economic development being respectful with
the environment. Governmental institutions have also put the companies
under pressure, with increasingly legal strict regulations,
from international agreements, to improve the effects of industrial
activities on the environment in developed countries. The consequences
of industries on the environment are not only socio-economical but
also environmental. Each company has to be aware
of the fact that it does not only generate goods and jobs,
but that it also consumes natural resources and generates pollution
and waste.
In short, the company has the crucial
responsibility to improve the environment.
This responsibility must be undertaken under a view that overcomes
the simple fulfilment of legality:
The environmental topic in the company is a duty
with regard to society and future human generations. It can
be seen as a way to improve the business economical situation if
good environmental planned policies are offered to the society.
Training on environmental actions is,
for the entrepreneur, a future investment. Understand concepts like
environmental quality, environmental audits, sensitising and employees
training must be joined to the entrepreneur basic training.
The entrepreneur must see training as a continuous and unfinished
process. Moreover, because of the constant changes
in the environmental legality, as well as the technological advances,
the businessman has to face a continuous process of review and training
and must introduce this knowledge into his business plans.
The present report does not pretend to give an exhaustive study
of environmental concepts associated with managerial or legal areas.
We want to provide an elementary introduction or guide to make
the entrepreneur aware of his task with regard to the environment.
We also want to report some basic tools that can help him setting
up his company. These procedures necessarily assume the knowledge
of how the future activity could damage the environment, the
methods to reduce environmental impacts and the process
to know and obey the laws coming from local, national or international
institutions. Finally, we hope this chapter will emphasize on a
basic idea: the need of a permanent training
to follow the changes of the business world.
3. BASIC DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
As a starting point for the student who is not acquainted with
the terminology related to the environment, we are giving here a
brief glossary of basic concepts in the topic.
These definitions have been taken from the dossier about
Social European Fund and Environment and from the
Bill for Pollution Prevention and Control
(Spanish Environment Department) article number
3. These definitions are accepted in the legal European frame. The
following definitions can be understood in their legal context,
having the same meanings indexed by governmental and juridical regulations.
3.1. Glossary of the most common terms.1
- Environment: Animated (or not) framework in
which life in any living creature is developed, taking in the
animals, human beings, plants, soil and air, as well as the relationships
between all of them. Aesthetics, historical, cultural and natural
sciences.
- Ecosystem: Distinguishable entity in the biosphere,
for example a forest, reservoir or river, with vegetable species
(flora) and animals (fauna) that compose the biotic community.
Self-regulated system sustained thanks to the interrelationships
among abiotic (without life) and biotic (alive) factors.
- Ecology: Science that studies the relationships
among all the living beings and their abiotic environment.
- Habitat: Area in which a vegetable (plants)
and/or animal species lives.
- Biodiversity: Term that refers to the variety
of life forms. It includes the genes, species and ecosystems.
- Pollution: Any type of impurities, material
or physical influences (noises or any kind of radiation) in a
certain context, with higher levels than those allowed, that can
damage the ecosystem.
- Pollutant: Any undesired substance, which can
disturb life and produce damages in the environment.
- Spillage: Flow of a waste substance (liquid,
solid or gaseous) that gets into the environment.
- Waste: Substance or object thrown (or that
may be thrown) to the environment or atmosphere.
- Recycling: Reintroduction of products or elements
of waste in the industrial activity. Method used to economize
on raw materials and / or energy.
- Renewable Energy: Energy that is obtained from
an inexhaustible or renewable source as, for instance, the wind
force, Sun or the biomass energies.
As for legal effects in many Environment Ministries, one can use
the following terms:
«Integrated Environmental Authorization»:
It is a resolution (Law) of an administrative Community in which
the industry is located. This resolution allows the enterprise,
paying attention to the environment and health protection, to
exploit natural resources, under the same conditions that guarantee
the State regulations.
«Substantive authorizations»: The
authorizations of industries or industrial facilities that are
legally referred to previous administrative decision.
«Installation»: Any technical fixed
area where an industrial activity is developed, as well as any
other activities directly related to those who are connected with
the business from a technical point of view and which could have
repercussions on emission and pollution.
«Substantial modification»: Any
modification done in an industrial installation that could damage
safety devices, human health or the environment.
«Non substantial modification»:
Any modification of the operative industrial devices or characteristics
that, without having the consideration of substantial, could have
consequences on safety, human health or environment.
«Holder»: Any individual or legal
entity who exploits or possesses the business installations.
«Competent organism to give the integrated environmental
authorization»: The organism designed by the Autonomous
Community in which is located the establishment.
«Emission»: The expulsion to the
atmosphere, the water or the soil of substances, vibrations, heat
or noises proceeding in a direct or indirect way from concrete
sources of the company.
«Emission Limit Values»: The mass
expressed with regard to certain specific parameters, the concentration
or level of an emission, whose value must not be exceeded in one
o several periods.
«Regulation for environmental quality»:
The set of requirements established by the applicable regulation
that must be fulfilled at a given time in a given environment
or in a given part of the latter.
«ISO 14.000»: International voluntary
norm, which regulates the characteristics of the environmental
management in any company (the productive primary sector still
remains excluded from it). ISO: (English) International Standards
Organization.
The concepts «Environmental Aspects»
(characteristics of an activity or service capable of interacting
with the environment) and «Environmental Impact»
are also used. Both of them are related to the transformation or
change that takes place in the environment.
3.2 Sustainable development. Definition.
Due to its social importance and its direct relation with the environment
and industrial activities, here we talk about the concept of «Sustainable
Development». In the last years, this term has gone
beyond legality and economy fields. It has been established as a
basis for training and education as a common task of all
social sectors working together for the environment.
«The present actions will determine the environmental quality
and the economic sustainable development for tomorrow». Under
this premise The European Union (EU) approved the
so-called Agenda 21 for sustainable development,
during the Conference of the United Nations on
Environment and Development that took place in Rio
de Janeiro in 1992. Since this date the European Union has
provided the legal basis and political efforts to achieve a high
degree of sustainable development.
Sustainable development: «The development
that covers the current needs without compromising the possibilities
for the future generations to satisfy their own needs. »
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development
«Brundtland Report».
Other documents, as the Agenda 21 or
the V Program, on policies and Performance
of environment and sustainable development have been developing
thishis concept, offering guidelines for its progress.
The six elements or actions to achieve a sustainable development
in the European Union are:
- Integration of the environmental aspects in other areas of business
activity.
- Shared cooperation on the responsibilities among the EU, the
member states and the managerial world.
- Amplification of the number of tools for environmental policies
to include, for for example, taxes and subsidies as well as voluntary
agreements.
- To change the models of consumption and production.
- Fulfilment of the legislation.
- International cooperation in the framework of the Agenda 21
or the V of Environmental Action Program.
Quotation of the report called «White Paper for environmental
education» published by the Spanish Ministry of Environment:
«Responsibilities must be assumed from all the social
areas. It is necessary to construct a new model of sustainable environmental
society and socially equitable... The sustainable development...
assumes the existence of physical limits that suggest that growth
will have an end, emphasizes the need to improve the quality
of life, opposite to the well being based on material goods,
takes its inspiration from the solidarity among
the different generations and among the citizens of each generation.»
Thus, the environmental business commitment has
to be planned after having perfectly understood the concept of sustainable
development, with the basis of the environmental legislations. The
understanding of the relations between environment and economic
development is an indispensable task for the setting
up and running of any business. You must recall that the attainment
of an economic sustainable development does not only benefit to
the citizens generations of your closest environment, but that it
also helps many unindustrialized countries to preserve their great
biological diversity. It is clear that the concept of sustainable
development involve many other human aspects like justice,
efficiency and democracy.
Finally, and in relation to the sustainable development concept,
we have mentioned here another concept linked to the international
legislation on environment, the so-called principle of
«The one who Contaminates must pay for it»:
included in the article 130R of the Maastricht
Treaty, it means that the one who contaminates must pay
for the ecological damages. Whoever is responsible for a pollution
act will pay for the costs needed to eliminate or to reduce it.
The policies of any company on the environmental matter must be
sustained by the application of a basic principle: prevention.
4. MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION ON BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT.
«The regulation in environmental matter is being more and
more elaborated enlarged under strict requirements,
forcing substantial changes in the productive processes. The technical
solutions are not sufficient. In the models of management the human
factor is determinant to successfully reach the proposed aims. Therefore,
the binomial education - management raises a combination
of strategies with the common aim to reach the environmental improvement.
Both are feedback strategies, this is
to say, if a good environmental management is an excellent educational
tool, the education increases the efficiency of the management.»
White Book on Environmental Education (1999)
Among the many reasons that in practice make impossible the inclusion
of the environmental factor in the business plans there is
no doubt about the lack of information and technical specific
knowledges on each activity. It is worthy to mention here
that even the lack of capital maybe be
solved nowadays by the request of governmental public
subsidies and financial aids. Anyway, the environmental
education turns out to be essential for the entrepreneur, who has
to face the environmental challenge as one of the many obstacles
in the business setting up. In spite of the apparent complexity
of this topic, there are easy mechanisms to accede to trainings
and information about the environment, such as forums and
managerial permanent foundations and specific offices2.
The management demands a continuous renovation. The business has
to be understood as an opened system in perpetual change
and adjustment, because environmental regulations and technological
innovations are continuously restructured.
Quoting the V. Rubio Calduch' s report «Gestión
medioambiental en la pequeña y mediana empresa»3,
the plan for the staff training in environment must include:
- Relevant Legislation that concerns the industrial sector.
- Good environmental practices codes for specific industries.
- Impact of industrial activities on the environment.
- Skills to improve the efficiency of the environmental impact.
- Systems of control for the business Environmental Management
Plan.
In this chapter we cannot exhaustively mention all the subjects
related to the environment but it is necessary to remember the duty
in the managerial task to include the process of
periodic training for the entrepreneur and staff. Identifying
and evaluating environmental aspects is fundamental
for knowing the environmental impact that the industrial activities
can generate in order to be able to establish a few aims and
environmental goals. Being practical, we mention here
two of the modern aspects related to environmental business management.
The inclusion of these topics in the management will satisfy the
environmental business legality. These points are: The environmental
management and the good environmental practices. A brief
analysis of these topics will clearly show how education and environmental
management are two “strategies” with feedback.
4.1 The environmental management in the business world
The existence of an increasingly strict legal regulation
and the social rejection towards those respectful
activities with the environment are some of the important reasons
that justify unavoidably the fact of treating the environmental
question inside the global management of the company. The last reason
has to be specially attended, since a social rejection towards the
company could provoke a loss of public image and credibility, carrying
out a decrease of the market benefits.
It is necessary to take into account in the general planning
an effective procedure, which allows a rapid and systematical management
of the environmental question. This process is called Environmental
Management System (EMS), which has to be planned attending to the
role that the following three basic ingredients play in the business:
shareholders, staff and clients (society). The
interrelationship among these elements must be present in the managerial
planning. Instead of being a simple administrative step, the EMS
can be an element for the competitive development as
well as a mechanism for the profitability of the environmental
costs.
In this course of action, for example, one can choose the so-called
Strategy of environmental excellence
(Rome-1992) beyond the pure and restricted Strategy of fulfilment
(strict limitation to the legal fulfilment). The first
business strategy, if well managed, can turn the treatment on the
environment into a real competitive advantage as
well as a new competitive element. The first strategy
can be included in the policies of commercial marketing. In this
respect, one can consult the interesting lesson (written by A. Chamorro
from the University of Extremadura, Spain): «The Environmental
Management as a competitive advantage»4.
As we have already mentioned, the perception of the environmental
topic should be understood as a business opportunity, at least for
marketing plans. The EMS is not a simple step in the general business
management, a positive and planned attitude towards
this topic can lead to profits that come out for the company providing
something more than the simple legal fulfilment.
{Environmental Management System: A means of ensuring effective
implementation of an environmental management plan or procedures
and compliance with environmental policy objectives and targets.
A key feature on any effective environmental management system (EMS)
is the preparation of documented system procedures and instructions
to ensure effective communication and continuity of implementation.
There are certification systems for EMS ISO 14001 and EC´s
EMAS scheme (EMAS is now compatible with ISO 14001), which show
that a system is operated to an internationally recognised standard.
Alternatively a customised system can be developed addressing the
particular needs of the operation5.
As Victoria Rubio Calduch says: «A System
for Environmental Management (voluntary) is the working
framework that a company follows in order to obtain a certain behaviour
according to the goals that have been fixed as a response to legal
procedures, environmental risks and social and financial as well
as economic and competitive pressures in permanent change».
The enterprise EMS mainly consists in two parts:
- A descriptive part of the system that includes
the procedures, the specific instructions, regulations, etc.
- A practical part composed by two variables:
- Physical aspects: sites, machines, computers,
facilities to treat the pollution, etc.
- Human aspects: staff skills, trainings,
information, communication systems, etc.
The environmental policies in the enterprise must be coherent with
policies of risks prevention, and any other policy
followed by the general management. The assumption of such policies
implies trainings on environment as well as the knowledge of social
demands about environment. Again, the element related to education
and training appears here as a decisive variable in the entrepreneur
management. The environmental policies must take into account the
following aspects:
- To be public.
- To be directed towards the prevention and /
or minimization of environmental impacts (sustainable development.)
- To include a commitment for the constant
improvement of the environmental performance.
- To appear (periodically) in written form and to be checked.
Among the EMS general aims one can consider the
following ones:
- To guarantee the fulfilment of the environmental
legislation.
- To fix and establish its policy and the operative procedures
to reach the environmental aims.
- To identify, interpret, value and anticipate
the effects that the industrial activity can
produce on the environment. Therefore, analyse and manage the
risks that are the consequences of these aims.
Anyway, legal regulations offer an operability framework in which
entrepreneurs can get information about the procedures to reach
environmental aims. For instance, the ISO 14001 norm
gathers the requirements and specifications to
obtain the enterprise ISO validation for its EMS.
The ISO 14001 norms are part of a series of procedures
ISO 14000 related to environment. According to these norms, it is
important to write the system following these stages:
- Environmental policies.
- Planning.
- Setting up (Introduction) and Operating.
- Control and improvements.
- Review
For instance, in Spain, The Spanish Association for Normalization
and Certification (AENOR) published in 1996 the
ISO 14001 norm on Environmental Management
Systems approved by the European Committee of Normalization.
In relation with the subject, we want to emphasize here that the
environment may be a business opportunity. For instance, the Environmental
Spanish Market (water business, environment consulting,
rural tourism, ecotourism…) has increased in the last years,
representing an average of 1,6 % in global country economics.
The work done by the enterprises dedicated to the environment include
from consultancy, information and management of specific paperwork
to the organization of training courses related to the environment.
The Market of Water is the biggest one in Spain, supporting
approximately 40.000 jobs. Otherwise enterprises working
on rural tourism and ecological agriculture
provide up to more than 30.000 jobs and they also contribute
to the awareness of the natural environment and to increase rural
population.
4.2 Good environmental practices.
Nowadays, Governments and academic institutions, mass media, etc.,
always inform us about models of “good environmental practice”.
In our homes, tasks related to the energy saving, water consumption
reduction or the classification of waste for recycling has become
usual in our daily habits. Therefore, it does not turn out difficult
to assume that a good managerial business performance must observe
a few minimal procedures leading to improve the environment
treatment thanks to a set of advices, or codes, called good
environmental practices.
Depending on the managerial or industrial activity, it is always
possible to obtain environmental sources of information
(provided by public administration, non-governmental organizations,
universities, workers unions, etc.) to elaborate a code
of good environmental practices. This simple manual will enclose
the guidelines of performance through a set of general behaviour
procedures (water consumption, energy saving...). Once again, the
continuous training process of the entrepreneur is necessary.
The advices enclosed in the enterprise Environmental Good Practices
Manual have to be consistent with the list of aims given below,
which are valid for any industrial sector:
- The rationalization from the environmental
point of view in the purchase of raw materials.
- The generation of waste in order to diminish
waste (and increase recycling).
- To control the atmospheric, water and acoustic
pollution.
- To make clients, workers and suppliers aware
of environmental problems.
- To improve the public image of the company.
- To report and to educate staff and clients.
The fulfilment of these procedures will be successful to achieve
the outlined objectives as well as for the Environmental Management
System. Another advisable voluntary procedure to improve environmental
business actions is the submission to a process called Environmental
Audit, defined as:
«A voluntary environmental auditing scheme co-ordinated
by member states which requires participating companies to incorporate
environmental protection standards into their production processes».
or more precisely:
«A management tool comprising a systematic, documented,
periodic and objective evaluation of how well a project, organisation
or equipment is performing with the aim of helping to safeguard
the environment. The audit should facilitate management control
of environmental practices and assess compliance with policy objectives
and regulatory requirements.” European Commission. 1999. Integrating
environmental concerns into development and economic cooperation.
Brussels»
Though the introduction of the EMS is voluntary,
to obtain the ISO certification
for the enterprise, it is necessary to fix programs and procedures
to realize periodical environmental audits. Among the aims of the
audit we underline the following ones:
- To identify the states of fulfilment on environmental regulation.
- To give safeties to the administrative works.
- To encourage the boards of directors to improve the management.
- To improve the general level of environmental conscience.
- To improve the system of environmental management of risks.
And the advantages of a voluntarily surrendering
to an Environmental Audit are, among others:
- It provides an objective basis for the process to take decisions.
- It identifies the way to save in goods and efforts.
- It increases the public credibility of the company.
- It gives useful information to look for an insurance of coverage
risks.
- It warns of any eventual or imminent ecological disaster.
Eco-management and auditing scheme: A Community
scheme allowing voluntary participation by companies performing
industrial activities, established for the evaluation and improvement
of the environmental performance of industrial activities and the
provision of the relevant information to the public. The objective
of the scheme is to promote continuous improvements in the environmental
performance of industrial activities by:
- the establishment and implementation of environmental policies,
programmes and management systems by companies, in relation to
their sites;
- the systematic, objective and periodic evaluation of the performance
of such elements;
- the provision of information of environmental performance to
the public.
The Environmental Audits must be designed according to the type
of business, and can be carried out by the entrepreneur
under absolute objectivity, and the report
must have exhaustive information on these topics: fulfilment
of the legislation, details of economic aspects related to
the saving of costs, ecological labels (eco-label). It
must also include a report on human resources after evaluating the
needs of trainings.
5. BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
KNOWLEDGE.
The knowledge (and fulfilment) of environmental regulations is
an elementary duty for any entrepreneur. It is necessary to know
the basic regulation and the procedures
to satisfy the legal requirements of each enterprise. Since the
basis of environmental regulations is rooted in international
legal context national, council regulations have to be fulfilled
by any company. Each government states the laws to be satisfied
in any country, as it is said in the following paragraph extracted
from the Spanish Department of Environment.
To the General Govern Administration corresponds,
among other tasks, the elaboration of the basic legislation and
the attention to the international obligations in environmental
subjects. The Autonomous Communities can adapt
and develop this basic regulation, as well as they can establish
additional measures for protection, among others in the following
fields: organization of institutions for self-government, land management,
urbanism, housing and management for environmental protection.
We are, therefore, living in countries that have several administrative
levels, which distribute their competences in environmental matter
and must cooperate and be coordinated, in order not to duplicate
efforts.
Depending on the industrial sector, there are several ways to
get information about environmental laws: by direct requesting
of information to Council administration, asking for advice
to a non-governmental organization or to private companies. It is
impossible to give in this chapter detailed information on basic
environmental legislation (which is always changing), without focussing
on a particular industrial sector. Nevertheless, the entrepreneur
as citizen has to know and have in mind that the State must give
the legal information needed in any subject, as shown in this Spanish
law article
Law 38/1995, of December 12th, on Law of access to the
information as for environment (BOE 297, de 13.12.1995).
Article 1. Law of access to information about
the environment. All the people, individuals or legal entities,
natives of one of the States that integrate the Economic European
Space or live in any of them, have the right to access to the environmental
information without the obligation to prove any interest, and under
guarantee, in any case, of confidentiality… Department
of Environment. Law of free access to the information for environment.
Once again, and as a general advice, we encourage the entrepreneur
to be aware of the need of the continued process of training
and environmental education.
Some useful and interesting addresses are provided at
the end of this chapter. They are related to the subjects we have
mentioned in the chapter and may serve as examples.
- Royal Act 85/96, of January 26th, by which procedures are established
for the application of the Regulation (CEE) 1836/93 of the Council
of June 29th, by which the companies of the industrial sector
are allowed to adhere with voluntary character to a community
environmental system of management and audit. (BOE 21-2-96) (National
Law; Spain).
- Act 112/97, of September 11, by which a procedure is established
for the application in the Community of Madrid of the voluntary
adhesion to a community environmental system of management and
audit, approved in the framework of the Regulation (CEE) 1836/93
(Regional Law-Spain).
- Report of the Economic and Social Committee on the «Offer
of the European Parliament and the Council by which they institute
a community action programme for the promotion of the non-governmental
organizations dedicated principally to the protection of the environment»
(2002/C 36/21), Official Journal of the European Community. 8-2-2002
- Law 10/98, of April 21, about Residues. Spain.
- Law 11/97 of April, about Packaging and Residues of Packaging.
Spain.
6. USEFUL LINKS
7. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Academic courses on Environmental Education. Several authors. Ministerio
de Medio Ambiente. Madrid, 1996
Calomarde, J.V (2000). Marketing ecológico. Ed. Pirámide
y Esic Editorial. Madrid.
Fundación Entorno (1998). Libro Blanco sobre la gestión
medioambiental en la industria española. Mundi Prensa, Madrid.
Sadgove, K (1994). La ecología aplicada a la empresa. Ediciones
Deusto, Bilbao
Roome, N (1992): "Developing environmental management strategies".
Business Strategy and the Environment, vol1
[2] See “useful related links”
[3] “Departamento de Industria
y Medio Ambiente Cámara de Comercio, Industria y Navegación
“ in Castellón, Spain
[4] 5campus.org, Medio Ambiente
, on line in http://www.5campus.org/leccion/gestmed (2003).
[5] Definition given by the European
Commission. 1999. Integrating environmental concerns into development
and economic cooperation. Brussels |
